The formation of Sindarin sentences is more of an art than anything else we have discussed so far. Often times direct translations are not possible, forcing us to resort to rewording of sentences while trying to maintain their meaning (and occasionally new word building).

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Noun Cases – Noun cases are used to show the relationship of nouns/pronouns to other parts of the sentence. The noun cases that we shall discuss are the Nominative, Accusative, Dative and Vocative.

Imperative mood will also be discussed.

Nominative– This noun case is for the subject of the sentence.

Accusative– This noun case is for the direct object of the sentence.

Vocative– This is a case that marks a noun whose referrent is being addressed.

Dative– This noun case is for the indirect object of the sentence and is
usually introduced by “to, for”.

Imperative Mood– This is a mood of a sentence when a command is conveyed. The subject may be present, but most often is NOT. The subject is usually “understood” … whoever or whatever is being spoken to.

Before we move on lets look at some example sentences so that we see how these noun cases and the imperative mood work. We shall stick with English at first for simplicity’s sake.

I gave Gildor the sword.

In this sentence we have several noun cases. Let’s break it down now and analyze its parts.

Nominative

I gave Gildor the sword.

“I” would be in the nominative case, because it is the subject of the sentence, that is to say, the doer of the action. Who gave Gildor the sword? “I” did.

Accusative

I gave Gildor the sword.

We next have the accusative. In this sentence, “sword” is in the accusative case, because it is the direct object of the verb. What did I give? The “sword”.

Dative

I gave Gildor the sword.

Next we move on to the dative or indirect object. In English, the dative case can be expressed by either word order, or rarely, by a preposition. The dative is sometimes a little harder to determine than the accusative or nominative. In this sentence “Gildor” is said to be in the dative case. Who did I give the sword to? …. Gildor.

To make determining whether a noun is in the dative case easier, you can do several things:

1) Determine the direct object and dismiss it as a possibility (the direct object will never be the indirect object).
2) Look for the key words “for, to”. These may even be implied so you have to take the meaning of the sentence altogether, not just its direct translation.

Vocative

Because there is no vocative case in the sentence that we were just analyzing, we will have to come up with a different one. Let’s take a look at the translation of several texts from the corpus:

Flame light! Flee night!
(Lacho calad! Drego morn!)

Oh guard me, Elbereth!
(A tiro nin, Fanuilos!)

The vocative case is used to address the noun being referred to; that is the person or thing to whom the speaker is speaking. You might think that calad, and morn are in the accusative in these sentences …. that is to say, they are the objects of verbs. However, light and night are being called upon by their names, and are being addressed directly. We consider them to be in the vocative case. In the second sentence, it is easy to see that “Elbereth” is in the vocative case … the one being addressed.

Imperative Mood

Some examples of imperative mood from the corpus are:

Speak friend and enter!
(Pedo mellon a minno!)

Don’t do it!
(Avo garo!)

In both of these sentences, the actual subject is “you“… YOU speak “friend” and enter; Don’t YOU do it! …. understood but not written.

NOTE: In Sindarin, a wish is conveyed by the same method as an imperative sentence. In this case, “may” starts the sentence in a translation, instead of starting with a verb.

Examples:
May the Haflings live long!
(Cuio i Pheriain anann!)

(May) Your kingdom come
(Tolo i arnad lín)
All the sentences in the Our Father are translated as wishes, not as commands, to God.

SINDARIN SENTENCE STRUCTURE

Now that we have the appropriate vocabulary behind us, let us move on to an analysis of Sindarin sentence structure. To begin, let us review what we have already covered:

-Adjectives usually follow the noun they describe, except in cases where special emphasis is desired
-Possessive pronouns usually follow the noun they describe

Not much, but it’s a start! Let’s now take a look at how the noun cases are used in Sindarin.

THE NOMINATIVE CASE

In Sindarin, the subject of the sentence (the nominative case) is usually carried by the verb/noun itself. We therefore often see a verb as the beginning to a sentence. Let’s take a look at some of the corpus text:

-Onen i-estel edain; u-chebin estel anim
“I gave hope to the men; I have kept no hope for myself”
-Guren bed enni
“My heart tells me”

As we can see, it is fairly common for nouns/verbs in the nominative to start the sentence off. This is, however, not completely exclusive. We certainly may see other forms start a sentence.

It also appears that nominative forms of pronouns should be placed before the verb. Sindarin does not often need them because the verb is usually sufficient to designate who is doing the action. The exception to this would be if one were writing in the third person (ie: dictating a message to a scribe like in the King’s Letter). In cases like the King’s Letter, the pronoun is placed before the verb (the verb therefore contains no pronominal ending).

E aníra tírad i Cherdir Perhael
“He desires seeing the master Samwise”

THE ACCUSATIVE

The accusative in Sindarin is slightly unique. In Sindarin, words can be used in the accusative by word order alone, requiring no suffixes to designate them as such. Because words in the accusative are the objects of verbs, they undergo lenition. This also seems to be true with pronouns.

Take a look at the following example:

-Daur a Berhael, Conin en Annûn, eglerio! Eglerio!
Frodo and Sam, Princes of the West, Glorify! Glorify! ”

As we can see, “Frodo” and “Sam” are in the accusative; that is they are the objects of the verb “eglerio” (glorify). We suspect that lenition occurs in such cases because we see “Perhael” in the King’s Letter. Clearly there must be lenition going on. If we were to take the unlenited form of “Daur” as well, we would end up with “Taur” (lord, high, sublime), which would be a fitting title for Frodo. It therefore makes sense to conclude that any word placed in the accusative would undergo lenition, be it a noun or pronoun.

In the accusative, we have an example of the pronoun falling before the verb, and one with it falling after:

Im Narvi hain echant
“I Narvi them made”
A tiro nin, Fanuilos
“Guard me, Elbereth”

So which pattern should a student of Sindarin follow? At this time, your personal preference will be ok …. until we have published material which can tell us if there is indeed a specific form to follow.

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16pronouns (possessive)sindarin Lessons